The life span of nude mice is normally 6 months to a year. Since nude females have underdeveloped mammary glands and are unable to effectively nurse their young, nude males are bred with heterozygous females. ) Mice with a targeted deletion in the FOXN1 ("knockout" mice) also show the "nude" phenotype. (Humans with mutations in FOXN1 also are athymic and immune deficient. Nude mice have a spontaneous deletion in the FOXN1 gene. For these reasons, nude mice are less popular in research today. In addition, knockout mice with more complete defects in the immune system have been constructed (e.g. Most strains of nude mice are slightly "leaky" and do have a few T cells, especially as they age. Moreover, the absence of functioning T cells prevents nude mice from rejecting not only allografts (grafts of tissue from other mice) but also xenografts (grafts of tissue from another species).
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